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<front>
<journal-meta>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">68</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="short-title">gpessr</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.31703/gpessr</journal-id>
  <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Global Physical Education &amp; Sports Sciences Review</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">gpessr</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group>
  <issn publication-format="print">2788-5070</issn>
  <issn publication-format="electronic">2788-5089</issn>
  <self-uri xlink:href="https://gpessrjournal.com"/>
  <publisher>
    <publisher-name>Humanity Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Pakistan</publisher-loc>
  </publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
  <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">395054</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31703/gpessr.2023(VI-I).05</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="submission-id">5521</article-id>
  <article-version article-version-type="publisher">1.0</article-version>
  <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>article</subject>
    </subj-group>
  </article-categories>
  <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">A Comparative Study Between the Male Athlete and Male Non-Athlete Level for Difference Performing Physical Activities, A Case Study of Physical Education Students</article-title>
  </title-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="1" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Manzoor</surname>
      <given-names>Mehwish</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Conceptualization" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">Conceptualization</role>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – original draft" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">Writing – original draft</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/>
  </contrib>
  <aff id="aff1">
    <label>1</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of Physical Education &amp; Sports Science Government College University Lahore</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Lecturer</named-content>
    <addr-line>Punjab</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
  <corresp id="cor1">Corresponding Author: Mehwish Manzoor, Lecturer, Department of Physical Education &amp; Sports Science Government College University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn-coi">
  <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="ethics-statement" id="fn-ethics">
  <p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="data-availability-statement" id="fn-data">
  <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
  <day>31</day>
  <month>12</month>
  <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>12</month>
  <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="print">
  <day>19</day>
  <month>04</month>
  <year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
  <volume>6</volume>
  <issue>1</issue>
  <season>Fall</season>
  <fpage>33</fpage>
  <lpage>40</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>19</day>
      <month>04</month>
      <year>2024</year>
    </date>
  </history>
<funding-group>
  <funding-statement>
<p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p>
  </funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<permissions>
  <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
  <copyright-holder>Humanity Publications</copyright-holder>
  <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
  </license>
</permissions>
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<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gpessrjournal.com/pdf/gpessr/dXhgZYTgPu.pdf"/>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gpessrjournal.com/pdf/gpessr/dXhgZYTgPu.pdf">
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</supplementary-material>
  <abstract>
    <p>The daily performance of physical activities has lots of benefits in our lives. Exercise and physicalactivity during adolescence may positively effect physical fitness levels and body composition. If a person engages him/herself in physical activities will remain physically fit and can maintain a healthy body composition which is the key to life. This research is based on male colleges of northern Punjab. There is a total of 112 male colleges in northern Punjab from which 21 colleges were selected and 210 participators and non-participators were collected. Four physical activities were compared speed, general endurance,flexibility, and power. This research revealed that the participants have more stamina as compared to non-participants in terms of speed and flexibility. The general endurance and power levels were same in the both groups. The mean difference in the speed is 11.58095 seconds and a general endurance of 2.91905 feet was found in both groups. The flexibility mean difference is 0.29381 centimeters and power 0.22019 feet were obtained in participators and non-participants.</p>
  </abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
  <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
  <kwd>Performance</kwd>
  <kwd>Athlete</kwd>
  <kwd>Non-Athlete</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1">
  <title>Introduction</title>
<p>Any healthy lifestyle must include physical
activity, and this applies to more than just physical well-being. Making a good
connection between physical exercises and raising student accomplishment in the
classroom could be the only way to demonstrate the value of exercise and
physical education in our academic communities.</p><p>Studies have discovered beneficial
relationships between academic success. The academic success of students should
demonstrate their readiness to begin post-compulsory education. However, it is
unknown how much academic success affects starting post-compulsory education Castelli DM, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Erwin HE. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Castelli">2007</ext-link>).</p><p>When students started in post-compulsory
education, we looked at the relationships between academic achievement and
physical exercise. The union contract for New York City (NYC) states that the
maximum number of pupils in the gym at one time for physical education in high
school is 50, but there is currently no such restriction for younger grades.
(NYC Teacher Contract, 2018).</p><p>Exercise and physical activity during
adolescence may positively affect physical fitness levels and body composition.
If a person engages him/herself in physical activities will remain physically
fit and can maintain a healthy body composition which is the key to life (Ruiz
et al., <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Ruiz">2011</ext-link>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2">
<p>Andersen, M. P.,(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Andersen">2017</ext-link>),
Physical activity sort of motion that quickens your respiration and pulse rate
is considered to be physically active. Your general well-being and health will
benefit from physical activity. It provides advantages for people of all ages,
such as lowering the chance of developing long-term illnesses, enhancing sleep,
boosting power, and enhancing both one&apos;s physical and mental health.</p><p>Choi, S. M., Sum, K. W. R., (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Choi">2021</ext-link>),
People may simply increase their daily activity using simple approaches, which
will help them attain the essential exercise levels. Lack of exercise is one of
the key indicators of risk for illnesses that are not communicable death. Those
who are not sufficiently or insufficiently active have a 22% to 32% greater
risk of passing away than those who are suitably active.</p><p>This represents the valuing element in the
symbiosis with physical education, both activities becoming permanent during
the entire period of education of the young generation. &quot;The fact that the
formation of modern humans supposes his development from a physical, social,
intellectual, ethical and aesthetical point of view must be kept in mind, in
connection to the demands of the society and according to his aptitudes, thus
leading to an increase of his standard of living and of a social
development&quot; (Dacica &amp; Colab, 2012).</p><p>Physical Education is expected to have an
impact on learning outcomes, namely changes in student behavior. This change in
behavior should embrace all the potential in children that can be developed
through education. One of them is physical education, which is an integral part
of overall education and aims to develop aspects of physical fitness, movement
skills, critical thinking skills, social skills, reasoning, emotional
stability, action morals, aspects of a healthy lifestyle, and the introduction
of a clean environment through selected physical, sporting and health
activities that are planned systematically in order to achieve national
education goals. Physical education is an important part of the education
system (Juliantine, 2016).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3">
  <title>Literature Review</title>
<p>Tomporowski, McCullick, Pendleton, and Pesce,
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Tomporowski">2007</ext-link>), Understanding the effects of PA on
students&apos; mental activity, classroom behavior, and academic performance has
received a lot of scholarly attention due to the significant negative effects
on educational practices at the population level.</p><p>According to Martin (2010) examining the
literature relating to „physical activity, fitness, and academic achievement?
provided the following key points: The large majority of university-based,
internationally published research in this field has found a positive
association between children&apos;s physical activity participation and academic
achievement. In 2018, the World Health Organization&apos;s (WHO) Global Strategy on
Physical Activity deployed a slight variation of Caspersen&apos;s definition.
Instead of activity resulting in energy expenditure, the WHO referred to a
bodily movement that &quot;requires energy expenditure&quot;.</p><p>Bartholomew, J. B., Morrison, D., &amp;Ciccolo, J. T. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Bartholomew">2005</ext-link>),
Regular physical activity, such as walking, cycling, wheeling, doing sports, or
active recreation, provides significant benefits for health. Some physical
activity is better than doing none. By becoming more active throughout the day
in relatively simple ways, people can easily achieve the recommended activity
levels. Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for
non-communicable disease mortality. People who are insufficiently active have a
20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to people who are sufficiently active</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4">
<p>According to WHO in 2018, any physical
activity based on skeletal muscles that use energy is considered to be intense
exercise. Physical exercise includes all forms of movement, whether they are
performed for fun, as a means of transit to and from destinations, or as part
of work. Intense and moderate physical activity are both good for your health.
The act of running, cycling, swimming, sports, physical recreation, and playing
are all popular activities that everyone may undertake for enjoyment regardless
of skill.</p><p>The following major elements, according to
Martin (2010), were revealed by reviewing the research on &quot;physical
activity, fitness, and academic success&quot; The overwhelming mostly of
school-based, widely disseminated research in this area has discovered a
beneficial relationship between kids&apos; engagement in physical exercise and
academic success. Caspersen&apos;s definition was somewhat modified In 2017 for the
World Health Organization&apos;s (WHO) Global Strategy on Increasing Physical
Activity. The WHO refers to a bodily movement that &quot;requires energy
spending&quot; as opposed to an activity that uses up energy.</p><p>Thomas,
Nelson, and Silverman (2015). Regular physical activity, such as riding a bike,
participating in sports, or taking part in active leisure, has a favorable
effect on well-being. It is better to exercise some than none.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5">
  <title>Physical Exercise Categories</title>
<p>Aerobic
exercise, bone and muscle repairing, stretching, and strengthening bones are
among the five basic categories of physical activity.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6">
  <title>Aerobic Exercise</title>
<p>Tinazci,
EAlrefai, and Musa (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Tinazci">2019</ext-link>), Your legs and arms, as well as other big
muscles, are moved during aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise includes things
like running, swimming, walking, biking, dancing, and performing jumping jacks.
The term &quot;endurance activity&quot; also applies to aerobic exercise.
According to Tomporowski, Davis, Miller, and Naglieri, (2008), Your heart beats
more quickly during aerobic exercise. Furthermore, this kind of exercise makes
you breathe more heavily. Regular aerobic exercise strengthens and improves the
function of both your lungs and your heart over time.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7">
  <title>Muscles-Strengthening</title>
<p>According to the American College
of Sports Medicine 2019, Exercise for muscle development is a voluntary
endeavor that uses resistance bands, machines for weightlifting, hand-held
dumbbells, or the weight of one&apos;s own body (such as push-ups or sit-ups).
Troiano, Berrigan, and Dodd (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Troiano">2008</ext-link>) described that the developing field of
muscle-strengthening exercise epidemiology is described from this current point
of view. Turner, E. O., &amp;Mangual Figueroa, A. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Turner">2019</ext-link>),
The worldwide physical activity recommendations, which previously prioritized
aerobic physical activity (running, jogging, playing indoor games, etc.), have
recently included a muscle-strengthening exercise to their list of recommended
activities. First, we define this term and examine this inclusion</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8">
  <title>Presses with a Standing Dumbbell Above</title>
<p>Thomas, J. R., Nelson, J. K., &amp; Silverman,
S. J. (2015), Compound workouts, which employ several muscles and joints, are
the best type of exercise for those with busy schedules since they work on
different areas of the body simultaneously.</p><p>Chacón-Cuberos,
R., Castro-Sánchez, Zurita Ortega, F. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="file:///C:/Users/Muhammad%20Ali/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/N8031XDO/5-A%20COMPARATIVE%20STUDY%20BETWEEN%20THE%20MALE%20ATHLETE.edited%5b1%5d.docx#Chac%C3%B3n">2019</ext-link>).
Freestanding overhead presses, which also strengthen your upper back as well as
your core, are one of the best exercises for shoulders.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9">
  <title>Material and Methods</title>
<p>This research is based on male colleges of northern Punjab. There is a
total of 112 male colleges in northern Punjab from which 21 colleges were
selected according to equal proportion from each district. Data were gathered
from the physical education department of each college. An equal sample size of
performers and non-participants (Ten students) was selected from each physical
education department.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-10">
<p><bold>Table 1</bold></p><table-wrap id="table1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Table 1</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td> <p><bold>Division</bold></p> </td><td> <p><bold>Districts</bold></p> </td><td> <p><bold>Total
  male colleges</bold></p> </td><td> <p><bold>Selected
  male colleges</bold></p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Lahore</p> </td><td> <p>Lahore</p> </td><td> <p>18</p> </td><td> <p>3</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Shekhapura</p> </td><td> <p>6</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Sargodha</p> </td><td> <p>Sargodha</p> </td><td> <p>15</p> </td><td> <p>3</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Mianwali</p> </td><td> <p>6</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Sahiwal</p> </td><td> <p>Okara</p> </td><td> <p>7</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Pakistan</p> </td><td> <p>3</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Rawalpindi</p> </td><td> <p>Rawalpindi</p> </td><td> <p>21</p> </td><td> <p>4</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Jehlum</p> </td><td> <p>6</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Gujranwala</p> </td><td> <p>Sialkot</p> </td><td> <p>8</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Narowal</p> </td><td> <p>3</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Faisalabad</p> </td><td> <p>Faisalabad</p> </td><td> <p>15</p> </td><td> <p>3</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Chinnot</p> </td><td> <p>4</p> </td><td> <p>1</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Total</p> </td><td>  </td><td> <p>112</p> </td><td> <p>21</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-11">
  <title>Sample Size</title>
<p>This study is based on Bachelor in Art (B.A) and Bachelor in Science
(BSc) colleges. 21 Male&apos; colleges were selected. 210 participators and 210  non-participators of physical education
students at the college level. The difficulty and complexities of the
respondents were removed, prior to actual data collection. Ten participants and
ten non-participators were selected from each college</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-12">
  <title>Variables</title>
<p>Physical
activities have various shapes in the modern world. In the research, four
physical activities were selected speed, general endurance, flexibility, and
power. The measurements for all activities were performed and their data were
collected. Those test tools and units are given below</p> <p><break/></p><p><bold>Table 2</bold></p><table-wrap id="table2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Table 2</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td valign="top"> <p><bold>Test</bold></p> </td><td> <p><bold>Tool</bold></p> </td><td> <p><bold>Unit</bold></p> </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> <p>Speed</p> </td><td> <p>200 m Running</p> </td><td> <p>Second</p> </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> <p>General
  endurance</p> </td><td> <p>Jogging</p> </td><td> <p>Feet</p> </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> <p>Flexibility</p> </td><td> <p>Sit &amp; reach box</p> </td><td> <p>Centimeter</p> </td></tr><tr><td valign="top"> <p>Power</p> </td><td> <p>Standing Long Jump</p> </td><td> <p>Feet</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-13">
  <title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>The
present study utilized descriptive as well as inferential statistics. The box
and whisker plots are applied for outliers&apos; detection and the normality test is
supported with a histogram. A T-test was used for the comparison of physical
activity data of participators and non-participators. The data was analyzed by
using the (SPSS-23 version).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-14">
  <title>Results and discussion</title>
<table-wrap id="table3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Age
of the Participators</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Age</p> </td><td colspan="4"> <p>Male</p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <p>Participators</p> </td><td colspan="2"> <p>Non-Participators</p> </td></tr><tr><td>  </td><td> <p>F</p> </td><td> <p>%</p> </td><td> <p>f</p> </td><td> <p>%</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>&gt;20 Years</p> </td><td> <p>40</p> </td><td> <p>19.047</p> </td><td> <p>41</p> </td><td> <p>19.523</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>21-25 Years</p> </td><td> <p>164</p> </td><td> <p>78.095</p> </td><td> <p>162</p> </td><td> <p>77.142</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>26-30 Years</p> </td><td> <p>6</p> </td><td> <p>2.857</p> </td><td> <p>4</p> </td><td> <p>1.904</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>30- Above Years</p> </td><td> <p>0</p> </td><td> <p>0</p> </td><td> <p>3</p> </td><td> <p>1.428</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>  <p><break/></p><p>Table
02 shows that 19.047% of participators and 19.523%  non-participators age was less 20 years, 78.095%
of participators and 77.142% 
non-participators age was 21-25 years, 2.857% of participators and
1.904%  non-participators age was 25-30
years, 0.0% of participators and 1.428% non-participators age was less 30-above
years.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-15">
<table-wrap id="table4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Socioeconomics
Class</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td>  </td><td colspan="4"> <p>Male</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Option</p> </td><td colspan="2"> <p>Participators</p> </td><td colspan="2"> <p>Non-Participators</p> </td></tr><tr><td>  </td><td> <p>F</p> </td><td> <p>%</p> </td><td> <p>F</p> </td><td> <p>%</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Lower</p> </td><td> <p>7</p> </td><td> <p>3.333</p> </td><td> <p>7</p> </td><td> <p>4.285</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Lower Middle</p> </td><td> <p>21</p> </td><td> <p>10.0</p> </td><td> <p>21</p> </td><td> <p>9.047</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Middle</p> </td><td> <p>118</p> </td><td> <p>56.190</p> </td><td> <p>118</p> </td><td> <p>55.238</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Upper Middle</p> </td><td> <p>49</p> </td><td> <p>23.333</p> </td><td> <p>49</p> </td><td> <p>20.476</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Upper</p> </td><td> <p>15</p> </td><td> <p>7.142</p> </td><td> <p>15</p> </td><td> <p>10.0</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Total</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>100.0</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>100.0</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>  <p><break/></p><p>Table
04 shows that 3.333% of participators and 14.285% of non-participators&apos;
socioeconomic class was lower, 10.0% of participators and 9.047% of
non-participators&apos; socioeconomic class was lower middle, 56.190% of
participators and 55.238% of non-participators&apos; socioeconomic class was middle,
23.333% of Male participators and 20.476% non-participators socioeconomic class
was upper middle, 7.142% of participators and 10.0%  non-participators socioeconomic class was
upper.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-16">
<table-wrap id="table5"><label>Table 5</label><caption><title>Particular Game Participation</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td>  </td><td colspan="4"> <p>Male</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Option</p> </td><td colspan="2"> <p>Participators</p> </td><td colspan="2"> <p>Non-Participators</p> </td></tr><tr><td>  </td><td> <p>F</p> </td><td> <p>%</p> </td><td> <p>F</p> </td><td> <p>%</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Cricket</p> </td><td> <p>73</p> </td><td> <p>34.761</p> </td><td> <p>52</p> </td><td> <p>24.761</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Football</p> </td><td> <p>55</p> </td><td> <p>26.190</p> </td><td> <p>22</p> </td><td> <p>10.476</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Badminton</p> </td><td> <p>31</p> </td><td> <p>14.761</p> </td><td> <p>35</p> </td><td> <p>16.666</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Other</p> </td><td> <p>51</p> </td><td> <p>24.285</p> </td><td> <p>101</p> </td><td> <p>48.095</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Total</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>100.0</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>100.0</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>  <p><break/></p><p>Table
5.10 shows that 34.761% of participators and 24.761% of non-participators
particular game was Cricket, 26.190% of participators and 10.476% of
non-participators particular game was Football, 14.761% of participators and
16.666%  non-participators particular
game was Badminton, 24.285% of participators and 48.095%  non-participators particular game was other.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-17">
<table-wrap id="table6"><label>Table 6</label><caption><title>Group
Statistics</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td>  </td><td> <p>Type</p> </td><td> <p>N</p> </td><td> <p>Mean</p> </td><td> <p>Std. Deviation</p> </td><td> <p>Std. Error Mean</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Speed</p> </td><td> <p>Participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>22.0381</p> </td><td> <p>4.83097</p> </td><td> <p>.33337</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Non-participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>33.6190</p> </td><td> <p>10.62396</p> </td><td> <p>.73312</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Endurance</p> </td><td> <p>Participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>69.2524</p> </td><td> <p>18.75728</p> </td><td> <p>1.29438</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Non-participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>72.1714</p> </td><td> <p>18.76853</p> </td><td> <p>1.29515</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Flexibility</p> </td><td> <p>Participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>3.2969</p> </td><td> <p>.61334</p> </td><td> <p>.04232</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Non-participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>3.0031</p> </td><td> <p>.54623</p> </td><td> <p>.03769</p> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> <p>Power</p> </td><td> <p>Participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>3.6969</p> </td><td> <p>.56280</p> </td><td> <p>.03884</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Non-participators</p> </td><td> <p>210</p> </td><td> <p>3.4767</p> </td><td> <p>2.50729</p> </td><td> <p>.17302</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>  <p><break/></p><p>Table
06 indicates that the total number of participators and non-participators was
210, the mean speed was 22.0381 seconds with a standard deviation of 4.83097
seconds for participators and 33.6190 with 10.62396 seconds. The average
general endurance of 69.25.24 feet with a standard deviation of 18.75725 feet
for participators and 72.1714 feet with a standard deviation of 18.76853 feet
for non-participators was recorded. The mean of 3.2969 centimeters with a
standard deviation of 0.61334 centimeters for participators and the mean of
3.0031 centimeters with a standard deviation of 0.54623 was achieved for
flexibility. An average of 3.6969 feet with a 0.56280 feet standard deviation
for participators and a mean of 3.4767 feet with a standard deviation of 2.5029
was obtained for power.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-18">
<table-wrap id="table7"><label>Table 7</label><caption><title>Independent
Samples Test</title></caption><table><tbody><tr><td>  </td><td> <p>t</p> </td><td> <p>Df</p> </td><td> <p>Sig</p> </td><td> <p>Mean difference</p> </td><td> <p>Std.Error</p> </td><td colspan="2"> <p>95% Confidence Interval of the
  Difference</p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="6">  </td><td> <p>Upper</p> </td><td> <p>Lower</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Speed</p> </td><td> <p>-14.380</p> </td><td> <p>418</p> </td><td> <p>0.000</p> </td><td> <p>-11.58095</p> </td><td> <p>.80536</p> </td><td> <p>-13.16401</p> </td><td> <p>-9.99789</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Endurance</p> </td><td> <p>-1.594</p> </td><td> <p>418.000</p> </td><td> <p>0.112</p> </td><td> <p>-2.91905</p> </td><td> <p>1.83107</p> </td><td> <p>-6.51830</p> </td><td> <p>.68021</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Flexibility</p> </td><td> <p>5.184</p> </td><td> <p>412.510</p> </td><td> <p>0.000</p> </td><td> <p>.29381</p> </td><td> <p>.05668</p> </td><td> <p>.18240</p> </td><td> <p>.40522</p> </td></tr><tr><td> <p>Power</p> </td><td> <p>1.242</p> </td><td> <p>418.000</p> </td><td> <p>0.216</p> </td><td> <p>.22019</p> </td><td> <p>.17732</p> </td><td> <p>-.12920</p> </td><td> <p>.56958</p> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>  <p><break/></p><p>Table
no 06 describes that speed has a t-test value of -14.380 with a degree of
freedom of 418. Its p-value is 0.000 indicating the significant difference in
the speed of participators and non-participators. The T-test value for general
endurance is -1.594 along with a degrees of freedom value of 412.510, its
p-value is 0.115 which is greater than the specified level of significance
value (0.05) indicating no significant difference in the means of general
endurance for participators and non-participators. Flexibility has a t-test
value of 5.184 with degrees of freedom of 412.510, and a p-value of 0.000 shows
the significant difference in the mean flexibility of participators and
non-participators. The power possesses a t-value of 1.242 along 418 degrees of
freedom, its p-value is 0.216 implies that there is no difference between the
means of the power of the participators and non-participators.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-19">
  <title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The study is conducted to test the levels of performing physical
activities between the participators and non-participators of male students of
the physical education department. This research revealed that the speed level
was not same for the both groups the speed of the participators was better than
the non-participators.  It was also
determined the general endurance level for participators and non-participators
was the same, there was not good difference in the general endurance for both
groups. The flexibility level of the participators was extremely better than
non-participators. Participators were found efficient as compared to
non-participators. Power of the both groups was not different, their power
strength was the same. Sports participation was reported in a positive
relationship with health and academic achievement. Sports participation may
improve cognitive health leading to improved academic achievement. Previous studies
have provided evidence that sports participation has a positive association
with cognitive and physical health. This study has examined the relationship
between sports and academic achievement.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-20">
  <title>Recommendations</title>
<p>Many
future studies are recommended based on this study&apos;s limitations and findings.
For instance, a qualitative study is recommended to profoundly understand the
physical activity phenomenon in academic achievement. The qualitative part is
essential in addition to the quantitative section. Future qualitative studies
that focus on understanding the weak association between attitude and
subjective norms with intention toward physical activity are also recommended.
Furthermore, conducting this study at an international level to compare different
Physical activity &amp; sports would be beneficial to a better understanding of
this phenomenon.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group content-type="conflict-of-interest">
  <title>Conflict of Interest</title>
  <fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="ethics-statement">
  <title>Ethics Statement</title>
  <fn fn-type="ethics">
<p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="data-availability">
  <title>Data Availability</title>
  <fn fn-type="data-availability-statement">
<p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<app-group>
  <app id="app-suppl">
    <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gpessrjournal.com/pdf/gpessr/dXhgZYTgPu.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  </app>
</app-group>
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